The sight of three of his sheep lying dead on the ground was shocking for farmer Anastasios Kasparidis. The large paw prints in the soil left no doubt that they had been killed by a bear, a once-rare but now increasingly frequent visitor in parts of northwestern Greece.
“It was a bear, a very big one, and they come often now. I wasn’t the only one, it struck elsewhere too,” Kasparidis said, adding that another farmer had lost some chickens and pigs. He decided to move the rest of his small flock into a sheep pen near his house for protection.
“Because in the end I wouldn’t have any sheep,” he added. “The bears would eat them all.”
Environmentalists have welcomed the rebound of bear and wolf populations in Greece thanks to the protected species designation that banned them from being hunted.
But some farmers and residents of rural areas say they now fear for their livelihoods and, in some cases, their safety.
They are calling for greater protection in a phenomenon playing out elsewhere in Europe, with some arguing conservation has gone too far and pushing to roll back restrictions.
Brown bears make a dramatic return in Greece
Brown bears, Greece’s largest predator, have made a remarkable comeback. Their numbers have increased nearly fourfold since the 1990s, according to Dimitris Bakaloudis, a professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki who specialises in wildlife management and conservation.
As many as 870 brown bears roam the forests of northern Greece, according to the most recent survey by Arcturus, an environmental organisation founded in 1992 that provides sanctuary for rescued bears and wolves.
And it’s not just bears. Wolves have also seen their numbers increase. While wolves could only be found as far south as central Greece in 2010, they have now spread to the outskirts of Athens and into the Peloponnese in southern Greece, Bakaloudis said.
Their recovery has been sustained in part by the also increasing population of wild boars, which is unrelated to conservation efforts.
Instead, a combination of factors, such as reduced hunting, milder winters and interbreeding with domestic pigs, has led them to breed at a faster rate, experts say.
Considered by many to be crop-destroying pests, the sight of a dozen or more wild boars walking along sidewalks or snorting through yards is no longer uncommon in many parts of the country.
More wildlife means more human encounters
The greater number of wild animals has also led to greater contact with people, the vast majority of whom are unfamiliar with how to behave during an encounter.
This lack of familiarity has led to fear in some communities, particularly after a small number of serious incidents this year: a child bitten by a wolf, an elderly man injured by a bear in his backyard, a hiker bitten by a bear and another hiker who died after falling into a canyon during a bear encounter.
In Levea, a village of about 660 people surrounded by fields in northwestern Greece, several bear encounters were reported in October, and wild boars often roam the village. said community president Tzefi Papadopoulou. The bears especially had frightened residents.
“As soon as they heard a dog bark, they were ready to go out with the gun,” she said.
The situation is similar in the nearby village of Valtonera, 170 km west of Greece’s second largest city, Thessaloniki.
“The village used to be without wild animals. In the past, a wolf would appear once in a while,” said Konstantinos Nikolaidis, community president. Now, wild boars, foxes, bears or wolves roam around or even inside the village, he noted.
“This has caused concern among all residents. It’s now difficult for a person to walk around outside at night,” he said.
The growing wild boar population, meanwhile, has led to calls for an extension of the hunting season.
Giorgos Panagiotidis, deputy mayor of the nearby small town of Amyntaio, said boars had been increasingly encroaching on houses. In May, he asked authorities to allow hunters to shoot boars out of season to tackle the problem.
It’s an issue that isn’t unique to Greece. In a victory of farmers over environmentalists, European Union lawmakers voted in May to reduce protections for wolves across the EU’s 27 member states. The movement even gained support from European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, whose pony Dolly was killed by a wolf three years ago.
What is driving wildlife into villages?
Experts note that it is not only the higher number of wild animals that has led to encroachments in urban areas. Many factors play a role, they say, from habitat loss due to wildfires, to sound disturbances from wind turbines and recreational vehicles, to animals encouraged by declining human populations in villages.
“There is of course fragmentation of the bears’ habitat, frequently there is drought, there’s a lack of food in the natural environment, there’s a desertification of villages which makes inhabited areas more attractive to bears, so they approach and find food,” said Panos Stefanou, communications officer at Arcturus.
Measures to keep wolves and bears at bay have been developed and approved by scientists, said Bakaloudis, the Thessaloniki university professor, including using lights around property, proper disposal of trash and dead livestock and avoiding feeding strays.
In exceptional circumstances, more invasive methods are used, he said, such as in the case of the wolf attack on the child in northern Greece, where authorities decided to capture and remove the animal.
With so many factors contributing to increasing encounters between wild animals and humans, Stefanou cautioned against overly simplistic solutions.
“Killing the animals is not what will solve the problem,” he said.